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Both 5-year-old children and adults infer the structure of a sentence as they are hearing it. Prior work, however, has found that children do not always make use of the same information that adults do to guide these inferences. Specifically, when hearing ambiguous sentences like "You can tickle the frog with the feather," children seem to ignore the aspects of the referential context that adults rely on to resolve the ambiguity-e.g., are there two frogs in the scene, one with a feather and one without? Or is there only one frog to be tickled by using a feather? The present study explored two hypotheses about children's failure to use high-level, top-down context cues to infer the structure of these ambiguous sentences: First, children may be less likely to use any top-down cue during comprehension. Second, children may only have difficulties with top-down cues that are unreliable predictors of which syntactic structure is being used. Thus, to disentangle these hypotheses, we conducted a visual world study of adults' and children's ambiguity resolution, manipulating a more reliable top-down cue (the plausibility of the interpretation) and pitting it against a robust bottom-up cue (lexical biases). We find that adults' and children's final interpretations are influenced by both sources of information: adults, however, give greater weight to the top-down cue, whereas children primarily rely on the bottom-up cue. Thus, children's tendency to make minimal use of top-down information persists even when this information is highly valid and dominates adult comprehension. We propose that children have a systematic propensity to rely on bottom-up processing to a greater degree than adults, which could reflect differences in the architecture of the adult and child language comprehension systems or differences in processing speed.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2021.101442 | DOI Listing |
Cogn Neurodyn
December 2024
Research Centre of Mathematics, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.
Continuous bump attractor networks (CANs) have been widely used in the past to explain the phenomenology of working memory (WM) tasks in which continuous-valued information has to be maintained to guide future behavior. Standard CAN models suffer from two major limitations: the stereotyped shape of the bump attractor does not reflect differences in the representational quality of WM items and the recurrent connections within the network require a biologically unrealistic level of fine tuning. We address both challenges in a two-dimensional (2D) network model formalized by two coupled neural field equations of Amari type.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJAMA Netw Open
December 2024
Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York.
Importance: Amidst an unprecedented opioid epidemic, identifying neurobiological correlates of change with medication-assisted treatment of heroin use disorder is imperative. White matter impairments in individuals with heroin use disorder (HUD) have been associated with drug craving, a reliable predictor of treatment outcomes; however, little is known about structural connectivity changes with inpatient treatment and abstinence in individuals with HUD.
Objective: To assess white matter microstructure and associations with drug craving changes with inpatient treatment in individuals with HUD (effects of time and rescan compared with controls).
Cereb Cortex
December 2024
Wilhelm Wundt Institute for Psychology, University of Leipzig, Neumarkt 9-19, Leipzig 04109, Germany.
Salient emotional visual cues receive prioritized processing in human visual cortex. To what extent emotional facilitation relies on preattentional stimulus processing preceding semantic analysis remains controversial. Making use of steady-state visual evoke potentials frequency-tagged to meaningful complex emotional scenes and their scrambled versions, presented in a 4-Hz rapid serial visual presentation fashion, the current study tested temporal dynamics of semantic and emotional cue processing.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFUnlabelled: Attention can be deployed in anticipation of visual stimuli based on features such as their color or direction of motion. This anticipatory feature-based attention involves top-down neural control signals from the frontoparietal network that bias visual cortex to enhance the processing of attended information and suppress distraction. So, for example, anticipatory attention control can enable effective selection based on stimulus color while ignoring distracting information about stimulus motion.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCogn Process
November 2024
Department of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children. Previous studies have shown that children with ADHD have impaired processing of emotional stimuli, but it is unclear whether their ability to integrate multimodal emotional stimuli is impaired and at which processing pathway this impairment exists. The present study investigated the ability of children with ADHD to integrate emotional audiovisual stimuli under different emotional conditions, and the effect of audiovisual integration on IOR to reveal the impaired processing pathway of their emotional audiovisual integration.
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