Susceptibility in Spain: Antimicrobial Activity and Resistance Suppression Evaluation by PK/PD Analysis.

remains one of the major causes of healthcare-associated infection in Europe; in 2019, 12.5% of invasive isolates of in Spain presented combined resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial groups. The Spanish nationwide survey on antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and molecular epidemiology was published in 2019. Based on the information from this survey, the objective of this work was to analyze the overall antimicrobial activity of the antipseudomonal antibiotics considering pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis. The role of PK/PD to prevent or minimize resistance emergence was also evaluated. A 10,000-subject Monte Carlo simulation was executed to calculate the probability of target attainment (PTA) and the cumulative fraction of response (CFR) considering the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) distribution of bacteria isolated in ICU or medical wards, and distinguishing between sample types (respiratory and non-respiratory). Ceftazidime/avibactam followed by ceftolozane/tazobactam and colistin, categorized as the Reserve by the Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) classification of the World Health Organization, were the most active antimicrobials, with differences depending on the admission service, sample type, and dose regimen. Discrepancies between EUCAST-susceptibility breakpoints for and those estimated by PK/PD analysis were detected. Only standard doses of ceftazidime/avibactam and ceftolozane/tazobactam provided drug concentrations associated with resistance suppression.