Demographic, Husbandry, and Biosecurity Factors Associated with the Presence of spp. in Small Poultry Flocks in Ontario, Canada.

This study is part of a 2 year disease surveillance project conducted to establish the prevalence of poultry and zoonotic pathogens, including spp., among small poultry flocks in Ontario, Canada. For each post-mortem submission to the Animal Health Laboratory, a pooled sample of cecal tissue was cultured for spp., and a husbandry and biosecurity questionnaire was completed by the flock owner ( = 153). Using both laboratory and questionnaire data, our objective was to investigate demographic, husbandry, and biosecurity factors associated with the presence of spp. in small flocks. Two multivariable logistic regression models were built. In the farm model, the odds of spp. were higher in turkeys, and when birds were housed in a mixed group with different species and/or types of birds. The odds were lower when antibiotics were used within the last 12 months, and when birds had at least some free-range access. The effect of pest control depended on the number of birds at risk. In the coop model, the odds of spp. were lower when owners wore dedicated clothing when entering the coop. These results can be used to limit the transmission of spp. from small poultry flocks to humans.