Technical solutions for minimizing wheat grain cadmium: A field study in North China.

The minimization of Cd pollution in wheat is urgently needed in many parts of the world. Thus, the aims of the present study were to evaluate the feasibility of popular technologies (i.e., soil amendment and low-Cd wheat cultivar) at sites with different Cd risk levels (high and low) and to propose a risk-based strategy for safe grain production. At a high-Cd site, wheat variety JM22 yielded significantly lower grain Cd than SX828, regardless of soil amendment (biochar, sepiolite, and microbial agent YZ1). Neither biochar nor sepiolite amendment reduced grain Cd, DTPA-Cd, or bioconcentration factors, possibly due to low dosage. Metagenomic sequencing and quantitative PCR showed that YZ1 colonization had little effect on rhizospheric fungal community structure and could not be sustained through winter. At a low-Cd site, significantly lower grain Cd was observed in JM22, LX99, and JM262, which could be used as low-Cd cultivars in the study area. Interestingly, the grain Cd of JM22 was linearly correlated with soil Cd (R = 0.84), which allowed the inference of a soil Cd threshold of 1.55 mg·kg, below which JM22 alone was capable of producing safe grain. Cost-benefit analysis also indicated that the use of low-Cd cultivars is promising for pollution control. This study provides viable technical solutions for minimizing the grain Cd of wheat grown in northern China.