The Impact of Adherence and Health Literacy on Difficult-to-Control Asthma.

Medication nonadherence and health literacy are key factors that influence the management of difficult-to-control asthma. Adherence, or the extent to which a patient follows a treatment plan, extends beyond asthma medication use and includes an appropriate inhaler technique. Assessment of adherence is critical before making a diagnosis of severe asthma and stepping up asthma therapy but is challenging in the clinical context. Health literacy, or the degree to which individuals can obtain, process, and understand health information and services needed to make health care decisions, is additionally important for asthma management and has been shown to impact medication adherence. Initiatives aiming to improve difficult-to-control asthma should address medication adherence and health literacy. Universal health literacy precautions are recommended while communicating with patients, in addition to the creation of low health literacy asthma action plans. To improve adherence, a comprehensive assessment of adherence should be conducted. Additional evidence-based interventions aiming to improve adherence focus on appropriate inhaler use, improved access to medications, the use of digital platforms, school-based asthma interventions, and the implementation of culturally tailored interventions. Data are limited regarding the use of these initiatives in patients with severe or difficult-to-control asthma.