Aging is associated with changes in sleep, brain activity, and cognitive function, as well as the association among these factors; however, the precise nature of these changes has not been elucidated. This study systematically investigated the modulatory effect of sleep on the relationship between brain functional network connectivity (FNC) and cognitive function in older adults. In total, 107 community-dwelling healthy older adults were recruited and assigned into poor sleep and good sleep groups based on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The static functional network connectivity (sFNC), the temporal variability of dynamic FNC (dFNC) from variance (dFNC-var), and the dFNC from clustering state (dFNC-state) were calculated. Corresponding cognition-predictive models were constructed for each sleep group. dFNC but not sFNC, was able to significantly predict the cognitive function in older adults. Specifically, sleep played a modulatory role in the association between dFNC and cognitive function, with sleep-specific variations at both microscopic (i.e., specific edges) and macroscopic levels (i.e., specific states) of dFNC.
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