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The dual mechanisms of cognitive control and their relation to reasoning and the item-position effect. | LitMetric

AI Article Synopsis

  • - Braver (2012) distinguishes between proactive control (PMC) and reactive control (RMC), suggesting that individuals with higher cognitive abilities, particularly in reasoning, are better at using PMC, which requires more mental resources.
  • - The authors propose that using PMC during reasoning tests enhances performance by helping individuals learn and retain rules from earlier items, resulting in an item-position effect (IPE) that contributes to test outcomes beyond just reasoning ability.
  • - A study with 210 young adults found that those engaging in PMC during reasoning tasks displayed a stronger IPE, leading to better performance, regardless of differences in overall reasoning abilities across different groups identified by their reaction time patterns.

Article Abstract

Braver's (2012) dual mechanisms of cognitive control differentiate between proactive control (PMC; i.e. early selection and maintenance of goal-relevant information) and reactive control (RMC; i.e. a late mobilization of attention when required). It has been suggested that higher cognitive capacities (as indicated by reasoning ability as a major characteristic of fluid intelligence) facilitate using the more resource-demanding PMC. We propose the following alternative explanation: engagement in PMC during the completion of reasoning tests leads to better test performance because gained knowledge (i.e. rules learned) during completion of early items is better maintained and transferred to later items. This learning of rules during the completion of a reasoning test results in an item-position effect (IPE) as an additional source of individual differences besides reasoning ability. We investigated this idea in a sample of 210 young adults who completed the AX-Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT) and the Vienna Matrices Test (VMT). Using fixed-links modeling, we separated an IPE from reasoning ability in the VMT. Based on reaction time (RT) patterns across AX-CPT conditions, we identified three different groups by means of latent-profile analysis. RT patterns indicated engagement in PMC for Group A, mixed PMC and RMC for Group B, and RMC for Group C. With the consideration of the IPE, groups did not differ in their reasoning abilities. However, Group A (engaging in PMC) had a more pronounced IPE than Group C (engaging in RMC). Therefore, we conclude that PMC contributes to a stronger IPE, which in turn leads to higher scores in reasoning tests as measures of fluid intelligence.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103448DOI Listing

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