Surface modification of inorganic nanomaterials with biomolecules has enabled the development of composites integrated with extensive properties. Lanthanide ion-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are one class of inorganic nanomaterials showing optical properties that convert photons of lower energy into higher energy. Additionally, DNA oligonucleotides have exhibited powerful capabilities for organizing various nanomaterials with versatile topological configurations. Through rational design and nanotechnology, DNA-based UCNPs offer predesigned functionality and potential. To fully harness the capabilities of UCNPs integrated with DNA, various DNA-UCNP composites have been developed for diagnosis and therapeutics. In this review, beginning with the introduction of the UCNPs and the conjugation of DNA strands on the surface of UCNPs, we present an overview of the recent progress of DNA-UCNP composites while focusing on their applications for bioanalysis and therapeutics.
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