Molecular and genetic dissection of recursive splicing.

Intronic ratchet points (RPs) are abundant within long introns in the genome and consist of juxtaposed splice acceptor and splice donor (SD) sites. Although they appear to encompass zero-nucleotide exons, we recently clarified that intronic recursive splicing (RS) requires a cryptic exon at the RP (an RS-exon), which is subsequently always skipped and thus absent from mRNA. In addition, encodes a smaller set of expressed exons bearing features of RS. Here, we investigate mechanisms that regulate the choice between RP and RS-exon SDs. First, analysis of RP SD mutants demonstrates that SD competition suppresses inclusion of cryptic exons in endogenous contexts. Second, characterization of RS-exon reporters implicates exonic sequences as influencing choice of RS-exon usage. Using RS-exon swap and mutagenesis assays, we show exonic sequences can determine RS-exon inclusion. Finally, we provide evidence that splicing can suppress utilization of RP SDs to enable RS-exon expression. Overall, multiple factors can influence splicing of RS-exons, which usually result in their complete suppression as zero-nucleotide RPs, but occasionally yield translated RS-exons.