In Vitro Cytokine Production by Dengue-Infected Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells.

Despite many advances on the understanding of dengue pathogenesis in the last decades, some questions remained to be clarified. The virulence of the pathogen and the host immune response are the main factors involved in pathogenesis of dengue infection. In addition, skin dendritic cells (DCs) are one of the primary targets for dengue virus infection. After infection, DCs process and present antigens to T cells and also secrete cytokines that shape the immune response. Although relevant for the development of antiviral immune response, an imbalance in the cytokine production by immune cells could lead to cytokine storm observed in severe dengue fever cases. Therefore, this chapter will describe the protocols for the in vitro differentiation of human monocytes into human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mdDCs), followed by dengue virus infection, as well as the cytokine quantification produced by mdDCs using a cytometric bead array method.