Removal of the neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid from wastewater using heterogeneous photocatalysis.

Due to its high solubility in water, a large amount of the neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid persisting in the soil of treated crops enters surface water or groundwater. The aim of this study was to investigate the photocatalytic degradation of acetamiprid in an aqueous medium. The experiments were carried out in an annular suspension reactor operating in recirculated batch mode and using a UV-A lamp as the radiation source. An appropriate modification of the commercial TiO-P25 photocatalyst was carried out to reduce its band gap energy and electron-hole recombination as well as to extend the visible light range of TiO. The photodegradation study was carried out using a three-factor two-stage Box-Behnken experimental design to investigate the main effects and interactions between the operating variables, such as solution pH, initial concentration of acetamiprid, and amount of photocatalyst. The efficiency of the processes was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The first-order pseudo-reaction kinetic model, as a simplification of the models of Langmuir-Hinshelwood under conditions of relatively low acetamiprid concentration, was applied and the reaction rate constants were estimated. The results of the study showed that the initial concentration of the pollutant was the most influential factor for the photocatalytic degradation process. Using ANOVA analysis, a linear model was established to predict the system behaviour at different operating conditions. The highest conversion and rate constant of acetamiprid degradation were recorded in the experiment with the lowest tested concentration of acetamiprid (2 mg/L), the average concentration of photocatalyst (60 mg) and at pH 8.