Vermicompost and biochar can alleviate cadmium stress through minimizing its uptake and optimizing biochemical properties in Berberis integerrima bunge.

Organic substrates are gaining popularity as a means of mitigating the negative effects of cadmium (Cd) stress on plant growth. The aim of the present study was to investigate the physio-biochemical attributes of Berberis integerrima bunge under Cd-contaminated soil. The pot experiment was carried out based on a completely randomized design (CRD) with six replicates. Cd stress was used as cadmium chloride (CdCl) at 10, 20, and 30 mg Cd kg dry soil. Biochar was applied at the doses of 125 g per pot, and vermicompost was used at the doses of 250 g per pot separately, and for their combination, they were used as 125 g per pot of BC + 250 g per pot of VC. The results showed higher Cd accumulation in both roots and leaves when the soil was polluted with Cd concentrations, but both BC and VC decreased the Cd accumulation in plant tissues. Although chlorophyll content and relative water content (RWC) decreased at 20 and 30 mg Cd kg soil, BC and VC, particularly their combination, increased these traits. The highest total phenolic content (TPC) was observed in plants exposed to 20 mg Cd kg soil and combined BC and VC. The total flavonoid content (TFC) was increased to 20 mg Cd kg soil and then decreased to 30 mg Cd kg soil. In addition, organic fertilizer promoted the plants' high accumulation of TFC. The greater activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) were observed at 30 mg Cd kg soil when organic substrates were added. The present study suggests the use of combined BC and VC lead to alleviate the adverse effects of Cd stress in B. integerrima.