The Possible Transmission and Potential Enterotoxicity of on Lettuce Farms in Five Chinese Provinces.

is a well-characterized human pathogen that produces toxins associated with diarrheal and emetic foodborne diseases. To investigate the possible transmission of on lettuce farms in China and determine its enterotoxicity, (I) a total of 524 samples (lettuce: 332, soil: 69, water: 57, manure: 57, pesticide: 9) were collected from 46 lettuce farms in five Chinese provinces, (II) multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to classify isolates and for trace analysis, and (III) the presence of toxin genes and enterotoxins (Hbl and Nhe) was detected in 68 strains. The results showed that one hundred and sixty-one lettuce samples (48.5%) tested positive for at levels ranging from 10 to 5.3 × 10 CFU/g. Among the environmental sample categories surveyed, the highest positive rate was that of the pesticide samples at 55.6%, followed by soil samples at 52.2% and manure samples at 12.3%. Moreover, one hundred isolates of yielded 68 different sequence types (STs) and were classified into five phylogenetic clades. Furthermore, Nhe toxin genes (, , ) were broadly distributed and identified in all 68 strains (100%), while Hbl toxin genes (, , ) were present in 61 strains (89.7%), was detected in 62 strains (91.2%), and was found in 29 strains (42.6%). All strains were negative for . As for the enterotoxin, Nhe was observed in all 68 isolates carrying , while Hbl was present in 76.5% (52/68) of the strains harboring This study is the first report of possible transmission and of its potential enterotoxicity on lettuce farms in China. The results showed that soil and pesticides are the main sources of on lettuce farms in China, and the possible transmission routes are as follows: soil-lettuce, manure-lettuce, pesticide-lettuce, manure-soil-lettuce, and water-manure-soil-lettuce. Furthermore, the isolates, whether from lettuce or the environment, pose a potential risk to health.