Combination of AFM and Electrochemical QCM-D for Probing Zwitterionic Polymer Brushes in Water: Visualization of Ionic Strength and Surface Potential Effects.

The surface modification of soft zwitterionic polymer brushes with antifouling properties represents a facile approach to enhancing the performance of bioelectronics. Ionic strength and applied potentials play a crucial role in controlling polymer brushes' conformation and hydration states. In this study, we quantitatively investigated and compared poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC) and poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSBMA) brushes at different salt concentrations and applied surface potentials. Initiator-containing poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) films (poly(EDOT-Br)) were prepared by electropolymerization. After the conducting polymer was deposited, polymer brushes grew from the electrode surface through surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). Polymer brushes were carefully characterized for their surface morphologies using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The force volume method measured using AFM enabled the analysis of the Young's modulus of the two polymer brushes. Hydration states and protein binding behaviors of polymer brushes were examined using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). We further integrated a potentiostat with the QCM-D to conduct an electrochemical QCM-D study. The energy dissipation and frequency changes corresponded to the ion adsorption on the film surface under different ionic strengths. The results of both hydration states and nonspecific protein binding behavior indicate that PMPC brushes have greater ionic strength independency, implying the conformation of the unchanged PMPC brushes. Moreover, we illustrated how the surface potential influences nonspecific and specific binding behavior on PMPC brushes on PEDOT films compared with electrified poly(EDOT-PC) electrodes. We concluded that PMPC brushes exhibit unique behaviors that are barely affected by ion concentration, and that the brushes' modification results in less influence by surface potential due to the finite Debye length influencing the electrode surface to outer environment in an NaCl aqueous solution.