The influence of phylogeny and life history on telomere lengths and telomere rate of change among bird species: A meta-analysis.

Longevity is highly variable among animal species and has coevolved with other life-history traits, such as body size and rates of reproduction. Telomeres, through their erosion over time, are one of the cell mechanisms that produce senescence at the cell level and might even have an influence on the rate of aging in whole organisms. However, uneroded telomeres are also risk factors of cell immortalization. The associations of telomere lengths, their rate of change, and life-history traits independent of body size are largely underexplored for birds. To test associations of life-history traits and telomere dynamics, we conducted a phylogenetic meta-analysis using studies of 53 species of birds. We restricted analyses to studies that applied the telomere restriction fragment length (TRF) method, and examined relationships between mean telomere length at the chick () and adult () stages, the mean rate of change in telomere length during life (), and life-history traits. We examined 3 principal components of 12 life-history variables that represented: (PC1), the (PC2), and (PC3). Phylogeny had at best a small-to-medium influence on and (  = .190 and .138, respectively), but a substantial influence on (  = .688). Phylogeny strongly influenced life histories: PC1 (  = .828), PC2 (.838), and PC3 (.613). and were poorly associated with the life-history variables. , however, was negatively and moderate-to-strongly associated with PC2 (unadjusted  = -.340; with phylogenetic correction,  = -.490). Independent of body size, long-lived species with smaller clutches, and slower embryonic rate of growth may exhibit less change in telomere length over their lifetimes. We suggest that telomere lengths may have diverged, even among closely avian-related species, yet telomere dynamics are strongly linked to the pace of life.