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Exoplanet exploration has revealed that many-perhaps most-terrestrial exoplanets formed with substantial H-rich envelopes, seemingly in contrast to solar system terrestrials, for which there is scant evidence of long-lived primary atmospheres. It is not known how a long-lived primary atmosphere might affect the subsequent habitability prospects of terrestrial exoplanets. Here, we present a new, self-consistent evolutionary model of the transition from primary to secondary atmospheres.

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Recent renewed interest in the possibility of life in the acidic clouds of Venus has led to new studies on organic chemistry in concentrated sulfuric acid. We have previously found that the majority of amino acids are stable in the range of Venus' cloud sulfuric acid concentrations (81% and 98% w/w, the rest being water). The natural next question is whether dipeptides, as precursors to larger peptides and proteins, could be stable in this environment.

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An enduring question in astrobiology is how we assess extraterrestrial environments as being suitable for life. We suggest that the most reliable assessments of the habitability of extraterrestrial environments are made with respect to the empirically determined limits to known life. We discuss qualitatively distinct categories of habitability: that is constrained by the observed limits to biological activity; sensu stricto, which is defined with reference to the known or unknown limits to the activity of all known organisms; and sensu lato (habitability in the broadest sense), which is circumscribed by the limit of all possible life in the universe, which is the most difficult (and perhaps impossible) to determine.

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Hydrologic cycle weakening in hothouse climates.

Sci Adv

April 2024

Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.

The hydrologic cycle has wide impacts on the ocean salinity and circulation, carbon and nitrogen cycles, and the ecosystem. Under anthropogenic global warming, previous studies showed that the intensification of the hydrologic cycle is a robust feature. Whether this trend persists in hothouse climates, however, is unknown.

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