Combined Effects of Cellulose Nanofiber Nucleation and Maleated Polylactic Acid Compatibilization on the Crystallization Kinetic and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid Nanocomposite.

This work investigated the combined effects of CNF nucleation (3 wt.%) and PLA--MA compatibilization at different loadings (1-4 wt.%) on the crystallization kinetics and mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA). A crystallization kinetics study was done through isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. It was shown that PLA--MA had some effect on nucleation as exhibited by the value of crystallization half time and crystallization rate of the PLA/PLA--MA, which were increased by 180% and 172%, respectively, as compared to neat PLA when isothermally melt crystallized at 100 °C. Nevertheless, the presence of PLA--MA in PLA/PLA--MA/CNF3 nanocomposites did not improve the crystallization rate compared to that of uncompatibilized PLA/CNF3. Tensile strength was reduced with the increased amount of PLA--MA. Contrarily, Young's modulus values showed drastic increment compared to the neat PLA, showing that the addition of the PLA--MA contributed to the rigidity of the PLA nanocomposites. Overall, it can be concluded that PLA/CNF nanocomposite has good performance, whereby the addition of PLA--MA in PLA/CNF may not be necessary for improving both the crystallization kinetics and tensile strength. The addition of PLA--MA may be needed to produce rigid nanocomposites; nevertheless, in this case, the crystallization rate of the material needs to be compromised.