Growth Ring Orientation Effects in Transverse Softwood Fracture.

In this study, the fracture mechanics of eastern spruce were characterized in relation to end-grain orientation. Compact tension-type specimens with small pre-formed cracks were prepared such that grain angle varied relative to the load axis. Specimens were loaded under crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) control as to maintain stable crack growth. Specimen fracture was characterized using both -curve and bulk fracture energy approaches. The results showed that under a RT grain orientation, as well as grain deviations up to about 40∘, cracks will follow a path of least resistance in an earlywood region. As the grain angle exceeds 40∘, the crack will initially move macroscopically in the direction of maximum strain energy release rate, which extends in the direction of the pre-crack, but locally meanders through earlywood and latewood regions before settling once again in an earlywood region. At 45∘, however, the macroscopic crack takes a turn and follows a straight radial path. The results further show that RT fracture is macroscopically stable, while TR fracture is unstable. None of the end-grain fracture orientations showed rising -curve behavior, suggesting that there is not a traditional fracture process zone in this orientation.