Mg is the most abundant divalent cation in living cells. It is essential for charge neutralization, macromolecule stabilization, and the assembly and activity of ribosomes and as a cofactor for enzymatic reactions. When experiencing low cytoplasmic Mg, bacteria adopt two main strategies: They increase the abundance and activity of Mg importers and decrease the abundance of Mg-chelating ATP and rRNA. These changes reduce regulated proteolysis by ATP-dependent proteases and protein synthesis in a systemic fashion. In many bacterial species, the transcriptional regulator PhoP controls expression of proteins mediating these changes. The 5' leader region of some mRNAs responds to low cytoplasmic Mg or to disruptions in translation of open reading frames in the leader regions by furthering expression of the associated coding regions, which specify proteins mediating survival when the cytoplasmic Mg concentration is low. Microbial species often utilize similar adaptation strategies to cope with low cytoplasmic Mg despite relying on different genes to do so.
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