Mapping bare ground in New Zealand hill-country agriculture and forestry for soil erosion risk assessment: An automated satellite remote-sensing method.

Removing vegetation cover from hill-slope land increases risk for soil erosion and delivery of sediment to waterways. In New Zealand's productive landscapes, clear-fell harvesting of forestry blocks and winter forage grazing by agricultural livestock are two significant causes of vegetation removal. Bare ground exposed by these activities varies annually and seasonally in location and spatial extent. Modelling soil erosion therefore requires temporally and spatially explicit mapping of this bare ground. We have developed an automated mapping method using time-series satellite imagery, thereby enabling wide-area coverage and ease of updating. The temporal analysis identifies land use along with the period of vegetation removal. It produces results per land parcel (in vector format) for use in a Geographic Information System. We present a description of our method, national maps and statistics of bare ground extent in New Zealand's hill-country forestry and winter forage grazing land in 2018, and an assessment of accuracy. The attributes of the mapped land parcels are designed for input into a soil erosion estimation model such as the New Zealand Universal Soil Loss Equation.