Sulfation Code and Conformational Plasticity of l-Iduronic Acid Homo-Oligosaccharides Mimic the Biological Functions of Heparan Sulfate.

Recently, the activity of heparan sulfate (HS) has led to the discovery of many drug candidates that have the potential to impact both medical science and human health. However, structural diversity and synthetic challenges impede the progress of HS research. Here, we report a library of novel l-iduronic acid (IdoA)-based HS mimics that are highly tunable in conformation plasticity and sulfation patterns to produce many of the functions of native HS oligosaccharides. The NMR analysis of HS mimics confirmed that 4--sulfation enhances the population of the C geometry. Interestingly, the C conformer becomes exclusive upon additional 2--sulfation. HS mimic microarray binding studies with different growth factors showed that selectivity and avidity are greatly modulated by the oligosaccharide length, sulfation code, and IdoA conformation. Particularly, we have identified 4--sulfated IdoA disaccharide () as a potential ligand for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which in a multivalent display modulated endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Overall, these results encourage the consideration of HS mimics for therapeutic applications.