Hydroxyapatite Functionalized Calcium Carbonate Composites with Ag Nanoparticles: An Integrated Characterization Study.

In the present work, composite materials very promising for biomedical and pharma-ceutical applications were investigated. They are composed of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in a matrix constituted of calcium carbonate functionalized with hydroxyapatite (HA-FCC). The composites were obtained by different synthesis methods, starting from a mixture of the silver acetate with HA-FCC (using adsorption or mixing in wet conditions methods) and then treating them by exposure to visible light or calcination to promote the silver reduction; a synthetic procedure based on ultrasound-assisted reduction with NaBH or citrate was also carried out. The characterization by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and reflected electron energy loss spectroscopy analysis also involved the reference sample of HA-FCC matrix. Then the morphology of the Ag NPs and the crystalline structure of HA-FCC were studied by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. To assess the effectiveness of the different methods on silver reduction, the Auger parameters α' were calculated and compared. The use of this methodology based on the Auger parameter is neither trivial nor ordinary. We demonstrate its validity since the different values of this parameter allow to identify the oxidation state of silver and consequently to evaluate the formation yield of metallic Ag NPs in the HA-FCC matrix and the effectiveness of the different reduction methods used.