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Silver Nanostructures: Limited Sensitivity of Detection, Toxicity and Anti-Inflammation Effects. | LitMetric

Silver Nanostructures: Limited Sensitivity of Detection, Toxicity and Anti-Inflammation Effects.

Int J Mol Sci

Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Malaya Pirogovskaya Street 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia.

Published: September 2021

AI Article Synopsis

  • - Nanosilver particles (1-100 nm) are utilized for their multiple beneficial properties, including antibacterial and antiviral effects, and act through mechanisms like "Trojan horse," inductive, and quantum mechanical methods, affecting proteins and DNA while risking cell toxicity.
  • - Silver nanoparticles generate reactive oxygen species that inhibit antioxidant enzymes and damage cellular membranes, with the risk of forming insoluble compounds that can destabilize the nanoparticles and interact negatively with nucleic acids and proteins.
  • - Although nanosilver can be used in diagnostics and immunoassays, its practical applications are limited by factors like instability, binding with blood proteins, potential cellular damage, and suppression of immune responses.

Article Abstract

Nanosilver with sizes 1-100 nm at least in one dimension is widely used due to physicochemical, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenesis, antiplatelet, antifungal, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. Three modes of the nanosilver action were suggested: "Trojan horse", inductive, and quantum mechanical. The Ag cations have an affinity to thiol, amino, phosphate, and carboxyl groups. Multiple mechanisms of action towards proteins, DNA, and membranes reduce a risk of pathogen resistance but inevitably cause toxicity for cells and organisms. Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are known to generate two reactive oxygen species (ROS)-superoxide (•O) and hydroxyl (•OH) radicals, which inhibit the cellular antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) and cause mechanical damage of membranes. Ag release and replacement by electrolyte ions with potential formation of insoluble AgCl result in NP instability and interactions of heavy metals with nucleic acids and proteins. Protein shells protect AgNP core from oxidation, dissolution, and aggregation, and provide specific interactions with ligands. These nanoconjugates can be used for immunoassays and diagnostics, but the sensitivity is limited at 10 pg and specificity is restricted by binding with protective proteins (immunoglobulins, fibrinogen, albumin, and others). Thus, broad implementation of Ag nanostructures revealed limitations such as instability; binding with major blood proteins; damage of proteins, nucleic acids, and membranes; and immunosuppression of the majority of cytokines.

Download full-text PDF

Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8464889PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189928DOI Listing

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