T helper cell responses are tailored to their respective antigens and adapted to their specific tissue microenvironment. While a great proportion of T cells acquire a resident identity, a significant proportion of T cells continue circulating, thus encountering changing microenvironmental signals during immune surveillance. One signal, which has previously been largely overlooked, is sodium chloride. It has been proposed to have potent effects on T cell responses in the context of autoimmune, allergic and infectious tissue inflammation in mouse models and humans. Sodium chloride is stringently regulated in the blood by the kidneys but displays differential deposition patterns in peripheral tissues. Sodium chloride accumulation might furthermore be regulated by dietary intake and thus by intentional behavior. Together, these results make sodium chloride an interesting but still controversial signal for immune modulation. Its downstream cellular activities represent a potential therapeutic target given its effects on T cell cytokine production. In this review article, we provide an overview and critical evaluation of the impact of this ionic signal on T helper cell polarization and T helper cell effector functions. In addition, the impact of sodium chloride from the tissue microenvironment is assessed for human health and disease and for its therapeutic potential.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
|---|---|
| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8471541 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10092365 | DOI Listing |
Publication Analysis
Top Keywords
Similar Publications
Diuretic Potentiation Strategies in Acute Heart Failure.
JACC Heart Fail
January 2025
Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA; Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Baylor Scott and White Health, Dallas, Texas, USA. Electronic address:
Several trials have evaluated diuretic-based strategies to improve symptoms and outcomes in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). The authors sought to summarize the effect of different combination strategies on symptoms, physical signs, physiological variables, and outcomes in patients with AHF. Twelve trials were identified that assessed the addition of thiazide diuretics, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, vasopressin receptor antagonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, or loop diuretic intensification to conventional therapy for AHF.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFOxidative stress induces plasma membrane phosphatidylserine externalization in canine erythrocytes in vitro, mitigated by thiol antioxidants.
Am J Vet Res
January 2025
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Objective: To determine if oxidative stress induces phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization in canine erythrocytes and if exposure to antioxidants prevents such changes.
Methods: This was an in vitro, experimental study using 5 healthy, adult, purpose-bred research Beagles. Fresh EDTA-anticoagulated blood samples were collected from each dog, and erythrocytes were harvested.
Study on the durability of solidified mud under chloride and dry-wet coupling.
Sci Rep
January 2025
School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Science and Technology, AnHui Huainan, 232001, China.
In order to study the durability of solidified waste mud, dry-wet cycle experiments were carried out under the erosion of sodium chloride solutions with different concentrations. The unconfined compressive strength and mass change rate of solidified mud were studied and analyzed. The results show that when the number of dry-wet cycles increases, the unconfined compressive strength and mass of the sample show a downward trend.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRegional readiness for sodium nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia: availability of methemoglobin testing and methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue) stocking in the Upper Midwestern United States.
Clin Toxicol (Phila)
January 2025
Minnesota Regional Poison Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Introduction: Sodium nitrite is a potent oxidizer, which may precipitate rapidly lethal methemoglobinemia. Prompt diagnosis and treatment may salvage otherwise fatal cases. It is unclear if emergency departments are prepared for increasing cases.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFElectrochemical Dechlorination of Gaseous Trichloroethylene to Nonchlorinated Value-Added Products Using a Cu/Ni Alloy Electrode with a Gel Membrane Interface.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces
January 2025
Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is widely used in various industrial applications, leading to significant environmental and public health concerns due to its toxicity and persistence. Current nonthermal liquid-phase TCE treatment methods, including electrochemical processes, typically produce liquid byproducts that require additional separation steps, limiting their efficiency. To overcome these challenges, this study introduces an innovative electrochemical approach for the direct conversion of TCE gas into less harmful gaseous products, utilizing a Cu/Ni alloy 3D foam electrode integrated with a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-sodium polyphosphate (SPP) gel membrane system.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWant AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?
Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!