Application of computational methods in the analysis of pesticide target-site and resistance mechanisms.

-diamide insecticides including broflanilide have a high insecticidal activity by acting on RDL GABA receptors. Both membrane potential assays and docking studies suggest that the target site of -diamides is different from that of conventional noncompetitive inhibitors, such as fipronil. In fact, -diamides are effective against cyclodiene- and fipronil-resistant pests that carry target-site mutations. Dinotefuran uniquely possesses a tetrahydrofuran ring, whereas other neonicotinoids possess aromatic rings. Moreover, dinotefuran has been reported to be effective against imidacloprid-resistant strains. A docking study predicted the weak binding of dinotefuran to cytochrome P450s which are associated with imidacloprid resistance. Metabolic assays revealed that dinotefuran was not metabolized by these cytochrome P450s. These findings suggest that the lack of metabolic activity of P450s against dinotefuran causes a low level of cross-resistance.