Emotions in Indian music history: anxiety in late Mughal Hindustan.

Music's ability to stimulate the emotions has long been fundamental to the aesthetics and reception of India's elite -based traditions. These emotions are generally studied aesthetically through the lens of '': the Sanskrit theory that proposes the musician's role is to stimulate one of nine distilled emotional essences (s) that is 'tasted' by the audience. But here I ask the inverse question: what emotions arose when historical listeners were threatened with the of that crucial source of emotional stimulus; and how were those negative emotions expressed through historical texts? In this paper, I consider the , a music treatise and (biographical collection) written by an ex-Mughal official from Delhi living in exile in Patna c. 1785-88, Miyan Zia-ud-din 'Zia'. Zia-ud-din's work reveals much about the emotions felt by musicians and music lovers affected by the violent political upheaval centred on late Mughal Delhi c1740-80 - but not in obvious ways. For such an emotional subject, his writing is curiously dispassionate. Nevertheless, I argue that his writing was impelled by one very powerful emotion in particular: anxiety. In order to approach the question I examine some alternative ways we might get at the emotional resonances of texts like the : through genre, in this case the ; the etic observations of modern neuroscience; and a turn outwards to writings of more emotionally loquacious contemporaries, here the Urdu poet Mir Taqi 'Mir'. I argue it is precisely Zia-ud-din's detatched attention to detail, as he traced hundreds of lost and scattered musicians and listeners, that reveals the emotional driving force behind the writing of the to be a deep and abiding anxiety engendered by the very real existential threat of war and exile to the music of late Mughal Delhi. In writing the , Zia-ud-din acted as witness and record keeper for his community to insure against the potential loss of the music of his beloved homeland. At the same time, the work of gathering and reporting information acted to alleviate his anxiety over the threatened disappearance of what was to him a most important source of personal solace.