Breathing with the Conductor? A Prospective, Quasi-Experimental Exploration of Breathing Habits in Choral Singers.

Objective: The breathing technique is a determining factor for the sound quality of the singers' vocal production and thus crucial for the choral sound. The aim of this study was to examine choral singers' awareness of breathing techniques and habits while singing and to identify potential correlations between the breathing technique and the preparatory gestures of the conductor.

Methods: In our prospective, quasi-experimental study, 720 choral singers answered a 25-item anonymous online survey which focused on demographic information, musical and choral experience, information on choir (size, type, repertoire) and conductor (age, gender, level of expertise). As the central issue we examined the subjects' general knowledge of breathing techniques and habits and their own use thereof in choral practice. Finally, subjects were asked to watch videos showing two different preparatory conducting gestures and to assess the meaning of these gestures.

Results: The results of the study show that the majority of choral singers (68.1%) inhale not before and not after, but during the conductor's preparatory gesture. The most well-known (94.7%) and allegedly most frequently (81.8%) used type of inhalation is abdominal breathing. Six times more singers associate abdominal breathing with an outward gesture rather than with the more frequently occurring inward-upward gesture.

Conclusion: The conducting literature does not discriminate between out- and inward preparatory gestures and describe them as equivalent. However, according to our data, a vast majority of singers assign these gestures to different types of inhalation which influences singing technique and sound quality. This might lead to ambiguous action-reaction expectations from singers and conductors in rehearsals and concerts.