A ROR2 coding variant is associated with craniofacial variation in domestic pigeons.

Vertebrate craniofacial morphogenesis is a highly orchestrated process that is directed by evolutionarily conserved developmental pathways. Within species, canalized development typically produces modest morphological variation. However, as a result of millennia of artificial selection, the domestic pigeon displays radical craniofacial variation within a single species. One of the most striking cases of pigeon craniofacial variation is the short-beak phenotype, which has been selected in numerous breeds. Classical genetic experiments suggest that pigeon beak length is regulated by a small number of genetic factors, one of which is sex linked (Ku2 locus). However, the genetic underpinnings of pigeon craniofacial variation remain unknown. Using geometric morphometrics and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping on an F intercross between a short-beaked Old German Owl (OGO) and a medium-beaked Racing Homer (RH), we identified a single Z chromosome locus that explains a majority of the variation in beak morphology in the F population. Complementary comparative genomic analyses revealed that the same locus is strongly differentiated between breeds with short and medium beaks. Within the Ku2 locus, we identified an amino acid substitution in the non-canonical Wnt receptor ROR2 as a putative regulator of pigeon beak length. The non-canonical Wnt pathway serves critical roles in vertebrate neural crest cell migration and craniofacial morphogenesis. In humans, ROR2 mutations cause Robinow syndrome, a congenital disorder characterized by skeletal abnormalities, including a widened and shortened facial skeleton. Our results illustrate how the extraordinary craniofacial variation among pigeons can reveal genetic regulators of vertebrate craniofacial diversity.