Haemoglobin drives inflammation and initiates antigen spread and nephritis in lupus.

Haemoglobin (Hb) has well-documented inflammatory effects and is normally efficiently scavenged; clearance mechanisms can be overwhelmed during erythrocyte lysis. Whether Hb is preferentially inflammatory in lupus and triggers broad anti-self responses was assessed. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from SLE patients secreted higher levels of lupus-associated inflammatory cytokines when incubated with human Hb than did PBMCs derived from healthy donors, an effect negated by haptoglobin. Ferric murine Hb triggered the preferential release of lupus-associated cytokines from splenocytes, B cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells isolated from ageing, lupus-prone NZM2410 mice, and also had mitogenic effects on B cells. Pull-downs, followed by mass spectrometry, revealed interactions of Hb with several lupus-associated autoantigens; co-incubation of ferric Hb with apoptotic blebs (structures that contain packaged autoantigens) revealed synergies-in terms of cytokine release and autoantibody production in vitro-that were also restricted to the lupus genotype. Murine ferric Hb activated multiple signalling pathways and, in combination with apoptotic blebs, preferentially triggered MAP kinase signalling specifically in splenocytes isolated from lupus-prone mice. Infusion of murine ferric Hb into lupus-prone mice led to enhanced release of lupus-associated cytokines, the generation of a spectrum of autoantibodies and enhanced-onset glomerulosclerosis. Given that the biased recognition of ferric Hb in a lupus milieu, possibly in concert with lupus-associated autoantigens, triggers inflammatory responses and the generation of lupus-associated cytokines, and also stimulates the generation of potentially pathogenic lupus-associated autoantibodies, neutralization of Hb could have beneficial effects.