Chemical speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in biochars derived from sewage sludge and anaerobically digested sludge.

Dewatered sewage sludge (DSS) and anaerobically digested sludge (ADS) were pyrolyzed at 550 °C to investigate the characteristics of derived biochar and evaluate the risk of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb). The results showed that the pH value of the biochar derived from DSS (DSS-C) was slightly lower than that of the biochar derived from ADS (ADS-C), while DSS-C presented relatively higher specific surface area and total pore volume. DSS-C also showed higher H/C and lower O/C ratios than ADS-C, indicating a higher aromatic condensation and a lower polarity. Total concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb in DSS and ADS increased significantly after pyrolysis owing to the thermal decomposition of organic matter in the sludge, with corresponding rise of the Nemerow pollution index (NPI) of the biochars compared with the raw sludge. In addition, the sequential extraction procedure (BCR) analysis revealed that the pyrolysis process promoted the transformation of heavy metals from bio-available fractions to stable fractions. The potential environmental risk of heavy metals decreased from moderate and extremely high levels in the DSS and ADS to low risk and moderate levels in DSS-C and ADS-C after pyrolysis, respectively.