Clinical characteristics and risk factors of infection in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients: A retrospective observational study.

Background: To investigate the clinical characteristics and risk factors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative patients with () infection.

Methods: We retrospectively collected the clinical information of HIV-negative patients with infection from January 1, 2010 to June 30, 2019, and analyzed the related risk factors of poor prognosis.

Results: Twenty-five cases aging 22 to 79 years were included. Manifestations of infection included fever, cough, dyspnea, chest pain or distress, lymphadenopathy, ear, nose, and throat (ENT) and/or skin lesions, bone or joint pain, edema and pain in the lower extremities, digestive symptoms, icterus, malaise, and hoarseness. Two cases had no comorbidity, while 23 cases suffered from autoimmune disease, pulmonary disease, cancer, and other chronic diseases. Sixteen cases had a medication history of glucocorticoids, chemotherapy or immunosuppressors. Pulmonary lesions included interstitial infiltration, nodules, atelectasis, cavitary lesions, pleural effusion or hydropneumothorax, bronchiectasis, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary edema, and consolidation. The incidence of osteolytic lesions was 20%. Eight patients received antifungal monotherapy, and 11 patients received combined antifungal agents. Fifteen patients survived and ten patients were dead. The Cox regression analysis showed that reduced eosinophil counts, higher levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), myoglobin (Mb), procalcitonin (PCT), and galactomannan were related to poor prognosis (hazard ratio []>1, <0.05).

Conclusions: Bone destruction is common in HIV-negative patients with infection. Defective cell-mediated immunity, active infection, multiple system, and organ damage can be the risk factors of poor prognosis.