Severity: Warning
Message: Undefined array key "choices"
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 249
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 249
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 249
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 249
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 249
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 249
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 249
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 249
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: strpos(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($haystack) of type string is deprecated
Filename: models/Detail_model.php
Line Number: 71
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/models/Detail_model.php
Line: 71
Function: strpos
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 252
Function: insertAPISummary
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: str_replace(): Passing null to parameter #3 ($subject) of type array|string is deprecated
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 8919
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 8919
Function: str_replace
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 255
Function: formatAIDetailSummary
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Undefined array key "choices"
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 256
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 256
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 256
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 256
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 256
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 256
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Undefined array key "usage"
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 257
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 257
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 257
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 257
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Undefined array key "usage"
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 258
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 258
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 258
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 258
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Undefined array key "usage"
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 259
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 259
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 259
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 259
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Undefined array key "usage"
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 260
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 260
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 260
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 260
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 260
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 260
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
To study the temperature dependence of magnetic properties of permanent magnets, methods of treating the thermal fluctuation causing the thermal activation phenomena must be established. To study finite-temperature properties quantitatively, we need atomistic energy information to calculate the canonical distribution. In the present review, we report our recent studies on the thermal properties of the NdFeB magnet and the methods of studying them. We first propose an atomistic Hamiltonian and show various thermodynamic properties, for example, the temperature dependences of the magnetization showing a spin reorientation transition, the magnetic anisotropy energy, the domain wall profiles, the anisotropy of the exchange stiffness constant, and the spectrum of ferromagnetic resonance. The effects of the dipole-dipole interaction (DDI) in large grains are also presented. In addition to these equilibrium properties, the temperature dependence of the coercivity of a single grain was studied using the stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation and also by the analysis of the free energy landscape, which was obtained by Monte Carlo simulation. The upper limit of coercivity at room temperature was found to be about 3 T at room temperature. The coercivity of a polycrystalline magnet, that is, an ensemble of interactinve grains, is expected to be reduced further by the effects of the grain boundary phase, which is also studied. Surface nucleation is a key ingredient in the domain wall depinning process. Finally, we study the effect of DDI among grains and also discuss the distribution of properties of grains from the viewpoint of first-order reversal curve.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
---|---|
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8425694 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14686996.2021.1942197 | DOI Listing |
J Phys Chem B
December 2024
Department of Chemistry, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Leányka utca 12, H-3300 Eger, Hungary.
In this work, we carry out a systematic computer simulation investigation of the single particle dynamics at the free surface of imidazolium-based room temperature ionic liquids by applying intrinsic surface analysis. Besides assessing the effect of the potential model and temperature, we focus in particular on the effect of changing the anion type, and, hence, their shape and size. Further, we also address the role of the length of the cation alkyl chains, known to protrude into the vapor phase, on the surface dynamics of the ions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnviron Sci Technol
December 2024
School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural and Mechanical Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, Georgia, United States.
This study investigated the speciation and aqueous dissolution of macronutrients in fire ash from diverse ecosystems and speciation of ash and smoke from laboratory burning, exploring the variations and their causes. The speciation of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K) in fire ash from five globally distributed ecosystems was characterized by using X-ray absorption spectroscopy and sequential fractionation. Aqueous dissolution of the macronutrients was measured by batch experiments at acidic and alkaline pHs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAbstractChanging climates are driving population declines in diverse animals worldwide. Winter conditions may play an important role in these declines but are often overlooked. Animals must not only survive winter but also preserve body condition, a key determinant of growing season success.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Biometeorol
December 2024
Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
For non-hibernating species within temperate climates, survival during severe winter weather often depends on individuals' behavioral response and available refugia. Identifying refugia habitat that sustains populations during adverse winter conditions can be difficult and complex. This study provides an example of how modeled, biologically relevant snow and weather information can help identify important relationships between habitat selection and dynamic winter landscapes using greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus, hereafter "sage-grouse") as a model species.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAngew Chem Int Ed Engl
December 2024
Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, CHINA.
Materials with red room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) derived from sustainable sources are crucial but rarely reported. Here, we produced red RTP materials from lignin. Lignin was covalently modified with Upy (1-(6-isocyanatohexyl)-3-(6-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-yl) urea) to obtain Lig-Upy.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!