Amelioration of sodium and arsenic toxicity in Salvinia natans L. with 2,4-D priming through physiological responses.

Sodium (Na) and arsenic (As) toxicity were monitored by hyperaccumulation of metals in Salvinia natans L. with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) induction. Salvinia was recorded with significant bioaccumulation of those metals with de-folding of cellular attributes in sustenance under toxic environment. 2,4-D priming has revised the growth components like net assimilation rate and relative water content to register initial plants' survival against Na and As. Proline biosynthesis supported in the maintenance of osmotic adjustment and plants sustained better activity through subdued electrolytic leakage. Oxidative stress due to both Na and As exposure is responsible for induction under significant moderation of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonization by 2,4-D application was evident to release the stress from metal and metalloids. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) like superoxide and hydrogen peroxide accumulation were monitored with activity of NADP(H)-oxidase. However, it was downregulated by 2,4-D to check the oxidative damages. Superoxide dismutase and peroxidases were significantly moderated to reduce the oxidative degradation for both metals with 2,4-D induction. Glutathione metabolism and recycling of ascorbate with monodehydroascorbate activity were other features to maintain the redox homeostasis for metal toxicity. At the molecular level, polymorphic variations of concern genes in redox cascades demarked significantly for those two metals and established the biomarker for those metals, respectively. As a whole, the biocompatibility of auxin herbicide in Salvinia may raise the possibility for auxin metabolism and thereby, the bioaccumulation to Na and As vis-à-vis tolerance for ecological safety is established.