Improving identification of low abundance and hydrophobic proteins using fluoroalcohol mediated supramolecular biphasic systems with quaternary ammonium salts.

In this study, a newly discovered Supramolecular Biphasic System (S-BPS) was used in bottom-up proteomics of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain of yeast. We took advantage of S-BPS in bottom-up proteomics of this strain of yeast as the protein sample, while the results were compared to routinely used solubilizing reagents, such as urea, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). With the S-BPS, we identified 3043 proteins as compared to 2653 proteins that were identified in the control system. Interestingly, of the additional 390 proteins characterized by the S-BPS, 300 proteins were low abundance (less than 4000 molecules/cell). Remarkably, the identification of proteins at very low abundance (less than 2000 molecule/cell) was improved by 106%. This suggests that the S-BPS is particularly advantageous for detecting low abundance proteins. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was conducted to find fractionation pattern of proteins in our two-phase system, and in nearly every gene ontology category, the S-BPS provided greater coverage than the control experiment, i.e., coverage for integral membrane proteins and mitochondrial ribosome proteins are improved by 18% and 58%, respectively. The improvements in proteins coverage for low abundance and membrane proteins can be attributed to the strong solubilizing power of the amphiphile-rich phase of this S-BPS and its capability for concomitant extraction, fractionation, and enrichment of the complex proteomics samples. Each phase has selectivity towards specific yeast protein groups, this selectivity is generally based on pI and hydrophobicity of proteins. Therefore, more hydrophobic proteins and acidic proteins exhibit greater affinities for the amphiphile-rich phase due to the hydrophobic effect and electrostatic interactions.