Phytoconstituents and renoprotective effect of leaves extract on radiation-induced nephritis in rats via TGF-/smad pathway.

Renoprotectors are highly demanded due to environmental nephrotoxic factors. leaves extract alleviating effect was assessed in nephritic-induced rats by whole body shot dose of γ-radiation. Many biomarkers were detected using several assays. Renohistopathological examinations were performed. Moreover, the extract phytoconstituents were identified using spectroscopic analysis. anti-inflammatory activity of some compounds was examined using histamine release assay. Post-irradiation treatment with the extract significantly ameliorated all elevated biomarker levels. Creatinine and urea were adjusted, TGF-β/Smad signaling was suppressed causing down-regulation to microRNA-21. Nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, glutathione and kidney injury molecule-1 were normalized in comparison with the γ-irradiated group. The renohistopathological analysis was consistent with the biochemical study. Phytochemical analysis resulted in the isolation of two diterpenoids (-methoxybutenolide clerodane diterpene and 16()-hydroxycleroda-3,13-dien-16,15-olide-2-one), aporphine alkaloid (anonaine) and flavonol (kaempferol-3--rutinoside). The latter two showed moderate anti-histaminic activities. Our results indicated that reduced oxidative stress and nephropathy in rats due to its anti-inflammatory principles.