Unveiling the non-linear impact of sectoral output on environmental pollution in Malaysia.

This paper investigates the non-linear impacts of the agricultural, industrial, financial, and service sectors on environmental pollution in Malaysia during the 1980-2018 period. It employs the extended STIRPAT model and two indicators of environmental pollution (carbon dioxide emissions and ecological footprints). It uses the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique to estimate the parameters. Evidence from the study indicate that the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors have inverted U-shaped non-linear impacts on carbon dioxide emissions and ecological footprints, while the financial sector has a U-shaped non-linear relationship with carbon dioxide emissions and ecological footprint. These empirical outcomes are robust to diagnostic tests, structural breaks, and alternative estimation technique and proxies. The economic implication of this paper is that, at the early stage of sectoral growth, the pollution intensity of sectoral output increases, but after a certain turning point, a further increase in sectoral output will reduce environmental pollution. Precisely, environmental pollution will reduce if the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors exceed threshold levels of 11%, 44%, and 49% of GDP, respectively, while environmental pollution will be aggravated if financial sector exceeds a threshold level of 94%. Therefore, efforts to mitigate environmental pollution in Malaysia should integrate sectoral growth to attain sustainable development.