Introduction: Hypophysitis is an inflammation of the pituitary gland and a rare case of hypopituitarism. Despite the expanding spectrum of histological variants and causative agents, its pathogenesis is far to be fully understood. The present review is focused on recent evidence concerning the pathogenesis of autoimmune hypophysitis by searching through online databases like MEDLINE and Scopus up to May 2021.
Areas Covered: Hypophysitis frequently develops in the context of a strong autoimmune background, including a wide spectrum of subtypes ranging from the commonest form of lymphocytic hypophysitis to the newly described and less common IgG4-, anti-PIT-1, and ICI-induced forms. A peculiar combination of genetic predisposition, pituitary damage and immunological setting represents the pathogenetic basis of autoimmune hypophysitis, which is characterized by diffuse infiltration of the gland by lymphocytes and variable degrees of fibrosis followed by pituitary cell destruction. Anti-pituitary antibodies (APA) have been described in sera from patients suffering from autoimmune hypophysitis, though their pathophysiological significance remains largely unknown and their diagnostic value limited.
Expert Opinion: In recent years hypophysitis has gained interest due to the increased number of new diagnoses and the recognition of novel subtypes. Further studies could lead to improvements in biochemical/immunological diagnosis and targeted treatments.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1744666X.2021.1974297 | DOI Listing |
Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab
January 2025
Carrera de Medicina Humana, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú.
Introduction: Endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes (ePNS) are caused by malignant cells that induce hormonal alterations unrelated to the tissue of origin of the neoplasm. The aim of this manuscript is to review the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes (ePNS).
Areas Covered: We searched the PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Scielo databases, including 96 articles.
World J Nucl Med
December 2024
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
Pituitary adenoma is the most common disease that affects the gland and may be classified as functional/nonsecretory tumors. Inflammatory/infective causes may also affect the pituitary gland. The 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (F18-FDG PET/CT) may have an incremental value in assessing these lesions and in determining their clinical significance.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJCEM Case Rep
November 2024
Endocrinology Clinic, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60126, Italy.
Pituitary
December 2024
Pituitary Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Probl Endokrinol (Mosk)
September 2024
Autoimmune/lymphocytic hypophysitis is one of the rare causes of central diabetes insipidus in adults and is most common among women in the second or third trimester of pregnancy. Numerous studies have shown that lymphocytic hypophysitis is characterized by a very variable clinical signs with the development of neurological symptoms, visual disturbances and hypopituitarism with partial or complete loss of pituitary function, as well as a number of features in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Isolated lymphocytic indibuloneurohypophysitis occurs in fewer cases and involves the posterior lobe and stalk of the pituitary gland with a clinical presentation of diabetes insipidus.
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