Exploring the asymmetric effects of renewable energy production, natural resources, and economic progress on CO emissions: fresh evidence from Pakistan.

A bulk of literature has examined the asymmetric impact of renewable energy consumption on CO emissions by using the advanced econometric approach. While the asymmetric role of renewable energy production in the CO equation is largely unknown, our present study quantifies the asymmetric relationship between renewable energy production, natural resources, economic progress, and CO emission for Pakistan by using the NARDL approach. It is found that positive change in renewable energy production has a positive effect on CO emissions, while a negative change in renewable energy production has a negative effect on CO emissions in the long run. Furthermore, a positive and negative change in natural resources contributes negatively to CO emissions in the long run. The results reveal that a positive change in economic progress significantly increases CO emissions in the long run. Based on findings, Pakistan's government should encourage local and international investors to increase their investment in the production of renewable energy by reducing environmental degradation.