Conducting polymers have been widely used in electrochemical sensors as receptors of the sensing signal's analytes and transducers. Polypyrrole (PPy) conducting polymers are highlighted due to their good electrical conductive properties, ease in preparation, and flexibility of surface characteristics. The objective of this review paper is to discuss the theoretical background of the two main types of electrochemical detection: impedimetric and voltammetric analysis. It also reviews the application and results obtained from these two electrochemical detections when utilizing PPy as a based sensing material in electrochemical sensor. Finally, related aspects in electrochemical sensor construction using PPy will also be discussed. It is anticipated that this review will provide researchers, especially those without an electrochemical analysis background, with an easy-to-understand summary of the concepts and technologies used in electrochemical sensor research, particularly those interested in utilizing PPy as a based sensing material.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162728 | DOI Listing |
Soft Matter
January 2025
Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44122, USA.
Data-driven techniques, such as proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and uniform manifold approximation & projection (UMAP), are powerful methods for understanding polymer behavior in complex systems that extend beyond ideal conditions. They are based on the principle that low-dimensional behaviors are often embedded within the structure and dynamics of complex systems. Here, the internal motions of a thermoresponsive, LCST polymer are investigated for two cases: (1) the coil-to-globule transition that occurs as the system is heated above its critical temperature and (2) intramolecularly crosslinked, single chain nanoparticles (SCNPs) both above and below the critical temperature ().
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNanomaterials (Basel)
January 2025
Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan.
Zwitterionic polymers have garnered significant attention for their distinctive properties, such as biocompatibility, antifouling capabilities, and resistance to protein adsorption, making them promising candidates for a wide range of applications, including drug delivery, oil production inhibitors, and water purification membranes. This study reports the synthesis and characterization of zwitterionic monomers and polymers through the modification of linear, vinyl, and aromatic heterocyclic functional groups via reaction with 1,3-propanesultone. Four zwitterionic polymers with varying molecular structures-ranging from linear to five and six membered ring systems-were synthesized: poly(sulfobetaine methacrylamide) (pSBMAm), poly(sulfobetaine-1-vinylimidazole) (pSB1VI), poly(sulfobetaine-2-vinylpyridine) (pSB2VP), and poly(sulfobetaine-4-vinylpyridine) (pSB4VP).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNanomaterials (Basel)
January 2025
Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials Russian Academy of Sciences (ISPM RAS), Profsoyuznaya St. 70, 117393 Moscow, Russia.
The results of a comprehensive investigation into the structure and properties of nanodiamond soot (NDS), obtained from the detonation of various explosive precursors (trinitrotoluene, a trinitrotoluene/hexogen mixture, and tetryl), are presented. The colloidal behavior of the NDS particles in different liquid media was studied. The results of the scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential measurements, and laser diffraction analysis suggested a similarity in the morphology of the NDS particle aggregates and agglomerates.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNanomaterials (Basel)
December 2024
Institute for Energy and Materials Processes-Reactive Fluids, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany.
Solid-state electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries, which enable a significant increase in storage capacity, are at the forefront of alternative energy storage systems due to their attractive properties such as wide electrochemical stability window, relatively superior contact stability against Li metal, inherently dendrite inhibition, and a wide range of temperature functionality. NASICON-type solid electrolytes are an exciting candidate within ceramic electrolytes due to their high ionic conductivity and low moisture sensitivity, making them a prime candidate for pure oxidic and hybrid ceramic-in-polymer composite electrolytes. Here, we report on producing pure and Y-doped Lithium Aluminum Titanium Phosphate (LATP) nanoparticles by spray-flame synthesis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNanomaterials (Basel)
December 2024
Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Stadiou Str., GR-265 04 Rio-Patras, Greece.
This work focuses on the incorporation of 2D carbon nanomaterials, such as graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), into polypropylene (PP) via melt mixing. The addition of these 2D carbon nanostructured networks offers a novel approach to enhancing/controlling the water vapor permeable capabilities of PP composite membranes, widely used in industrial applications, such as technical (building roof membranes) or medical (surgical gowns) textiles. The study investigates how the dispersion and concentration of these graphene nanomaterials within the PP matrix influence the microstructure and water vapor permeability (WVP) performance.
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