Urea-functionalized organoselenium compounds as promising anti-HepG2 and apoptosis-inducing agents.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a highly aggressive and difficult-to-treat type of cancer. Incorporating urea functionality into the backbone of organoselenium compounds is expected to develop promising chemotherapeutic leads against liver cancer. Urea-functionalized organoselenium compounds were synthesized in good yields, and their cytotoxicity was evaluated against HepG2 cells. 1,1'-(Diselanediylbis(4,1-phenylene))bis(3-phenylurea) () exhibited efficient anti-HepG2 activity in sub-micromolar concentrations, with no toxicity to normal human skin fibroblasts. The molecular mechanisms of the diselenide-based urea were evaluated using colony formation, wound healing, 3D spheroid invasion assays, cell cycle analysis and apoptosis induction. Its redox properties were also assessed by using different bioassays. Our study revealed promising anticancer, antimigratory and anti-invasiveness properties of 1,1'-(diselanediylbis(4,1-phenylene))bis(3-phenylurea) () against HepG2.