Directed differentiation enables the production of a specific cell type by manipulating signals in development. However, there is a lack of effective means to accelerate the regeneration of neurons of particular subtypes for pathogenesis and clinical therapy. In this study, we find that hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanorods promote neural differentiation of neural stem cells due to their chemical compositions. Lysosome-mediated degradation of HAp nanorods elevates intracellular calcium concentrations and accelerates GABAergic neurogenesis. As a mechanism, the enhanced activity of a Ca peak initiated by HAp nanorods leads to the activation of c-Jun and thus suppresses the expression of GABAergic/glutamatergic selection gene TLX3. We demonstrate the capability of HAp nanorods in promoting the differentiation into GABAergic neurons at both molecular and cellular function levels. Given that GABAergic neurons are responsible for various physiological and pathological processes, our findings open up enormous opportunities in efficient and precise stem cell therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.
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