Botryosphaeriaceae on Syzygium cordatum across a latitudinal gradient in South Africa.

The Botryosphaeriaceae is a family of endophytic fungi, many of which are latent pathogens of woody plants. Although extensively sampled in some parts of the world, little is known regarding their occurrence across different environmental conditions. This study considered the presence of the Botryosphaeriaceae on Syzygium cordatum trees across a latitudinal gradient. We examined the relative importance of different environmental factors on the presence of the Botryosphaeriaceae across this latitudinal gradient. Specifically, Botryosphaeriaceae community composition and species richness were analysed. The optimal growth temperature of the most common Botryosphaeriaceae isolates and its relation to isolate origin was also tested in culture. We identified 14 Botryosphaeriaceae species including seven each of Lasiodiplodia and Neofusicoccum species. The maximum historical temperature emerged as the environmental factor that best predicted the presence of Botryosphaeriaceae species in S. cordatum trees, specifically influencing Botryosphaeriaceae community composition. For all the Botryosphaeriaceae species studied in vitro, temperature strongly influenced mycelial growth and they all had an optimal growth temperature of 25 °C. Contrary to our hypothesis, the optimal growth temperature was not related to isolate origin. These results contribute to understanding the presence of the Botryosphaeriaceae in trees and our ability to detect these latent pathogens.