Effectiveness of a mindfulness intervention for older adults to improve emotional well-being and cognitive function in a Chinese population: A randomized waitlist-controlled trial.

Background: To investigate the effect of a modified mindfulness-based stress reduction (mMBSR) program on mental well-being and cognitive function of older adults.

Method: Two hundred and fourty-six participants were randomly assigned to mMBSR (n = 120) group or waitlist control group which received mMBSR at 2-month (n = 123). Data collected at baseline, 2 and 4 months after recruitment.

Primary Outcome: mental well-being: Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (SWEMWBS).

Secondary Outcomes: Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire Short Form, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA), Verbal Fluency Test (VFT), international shopping list test, self-compassion scale, peace of mind scale, geriatric depression scale (GDS), and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). In modified-intention-to-treat analysis, paired t-test for within group comparison, and ANCOVA to compare group differences at 2-months with adjustment of baseline values.

Results: Most participants were female (83.7%), living with others (67.0%), and married (50.7%). No significant difference of baseline characteristics except sleep quality. At 2 months, intervention group reported better mental well-being (0.9, 95%CI: 0.1-1.8, p = 0.025) and less depressive symptoms (-1.0; 95%CI: -1.7 to -0.3, p = 0.004). Within group at 2 months, intervention group had improvement in: mental well-being (SWEMWBS: 22.5-23.4, p = 0.011), cognitive function (MOCA: 24.6-25.8, p < 0.001; VFT: 38.7-42.1, p < 0.001), depressive symptoms (GDS: 4.1-3.1, p < 0.001), and sleep quality (PSQI: 8.3-6.7, p < 0.001). All these changes, except mental well-being, were sustained at 4 months.

Discussion: Attrition rate was 14% and mindfulness intervention was found to be feasible and acceptable in older adults. Major limitation of the study was the absence of an active control group to control for non-specific effect.