Recent Evolution and Genomic Profile of Salmonella enterica Serovar Heidelberg Isolates from Poultry Flocks in Brazil.

Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg is isolated from poultry-producing regions around the world. In Brazil, Heidelberg has been frequently detected in poultry flocks, slaughterhouses, and chicken meat. The goal of the present study was to assess the population structure, recent temporal evolution, and some important genetic characteristics of Heidelberg isolated from Brazilian poultry farms. Phylogenetic analysis of 68 . Heidelberg genomes sequenced here and additional whole-genome data from NCBI demonstrated that all isolates from the Brazilian poultry production chain clustered into a monophyletic group, here called Heidelberg Brazilian poultry lineage (SH-BPL). Bayesian analysis defined the time of the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) as 2004, and the overall population size () was constant until 2008, when an ∼10-fold increase was observed until circa 2013. SH-BPL presented at least two plasmids with replicons ColpVC (= 68; 100%), IncX1 (= 66; 97%), IncA/C2 (= 65; 95.5%), ColRNAI (= 43; 63.2%), IncI1 (= 32; 47%), ColMG828, Col156, IncHI2A, IncHI2, IncQ1, IncX4, IncY, and TrfA (each with  < 4; <4% each). Antibiotic resistance genes were found, with high frequencies of (= 68; 100%), (= 68; 100%), (34) (= 68; 100%), (= 64; 94.1%), and (= 56; 82.3%), along with an overall multidrug resistance (MDR) profile. Ten Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPI1 to SPI5, SPI9, and SPI11 to SPI14) and 139 virulence genes were also detected. The SH-BPL profile was like those of other previous Heidelberg isolates from poultry around the world in the 1990s. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates the recent introduction (2004) and high level of dissemination of an MDR Heidelberg lineage in Brazilian poultry operations. Heidelberg is the most frequent serovar in several broiler farms from the main Brazilian poultry-producing regions. Therefore, avian-source foods (mainly chicken carcasses) commercialized in the country and exported to other continents are contaminated with this foodborne pathogen, generating several national and international economic losses. In addition, isolates of this serovar are usually resistant to antibiotics and can cause human invasive and septicemic infection, representing a public health concern. This study demonstrates the use of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to obtain epidemiological information for one Heidelberg lineage highly spread among Brazilian poultry farms. This information will help to define biosecurity measures to control this important Salmonella serovar in Brazilian and worldwide poultry operations.