The relative bioavailability of carbamazepine mixture was studied after oral and rectal administration to healthy subjects. The absorption was significantly slower after the rectal than after the oral route but the total bioavailability was similar provided the mixture was not defaecated within 2 h of administration. We conclude that carbamazepine can be administered rectally, e.g. to postoperative patients in doses corresponding with oral doses.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1987.tb03258.x | DOI Listing |
Phys Chem Chem Phys
January 2025
Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague 6, Praha, Czech Republic.
Poor aqueous solubility of crystalline active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) restricts their bioavailability. Amorphous solid dispersions with biocompatible polymer excipients offer a solution to overcome this problem, potentially enabling a broader use of many drug candidate molecules. This work addresses various aspects of the design of a suitable combination of an API and a polymer to form such a binary solid dispersion.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnviron Sci Pollut Res Int
December 2024
Nano Biosciences and Nanopharmacology Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Campus 6th Floor, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630004, India.
Although the toxicity of selenium (Se) and carbamazepine (CBZ) has already been demonstrated, the possible effects of freshwater fish co-exposure to these pollutants have not been explored. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the potential impact of Se and CBZ (alone and combined) exposure (both 5 µg/L) in Oreochromis mossambicus after 28 days. Exposure to CBZ, alone or combined with Se, significantly increases the "red blood cells" and "mean corpuscular volume.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWater Res
January 2025
University of Coimbra, MARE/ARNET, Department of Life Sciences, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal.
The presence of pharmaceuticals in urban freshwater has been considered an emerging issue. Although rivers are better studied, the streams crossing the cities, which are prone to higher concentrations of pharmaceuticals, and with a higher potential to affect animals, plant and human health, were never specifically addressed in a review. Thus, here we performed a literature review on the existing pharmaceutical contamination and impacts of these compounds in the urban stream ecosystems.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Total Environ
December 2024
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland.
Pharmaceuticals and ionic liquids (ILs) are emerging as significant micropollutants with environmental presence and potential ecological impacts. The possible simultaneous occurrence of these two groups of pollutants in aquatic environments raises complex challenges due to their diverse chemical properties and potential for interactive effects. Given the documented widespread presence of pharmaceuticals and the emerging concerns about ILs, the study aims to evaluate the adverse effects of binary mixtures of imidazolium ionic liquid IM1-8C(CN) and two representatives of pharmaceuticals: antibiotic oxytetracycline (OXTC) and metabolite carbamazepine 10,11 epoxide (CBZ-E) on the brackish cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum during chronic exposure experiments.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Hazard Mater
December 2024
Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Electronic address:
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