The photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer is limited by tumor hypoxia as PDT efficiency depends on O concentration. A novel oxygen self-sufficient photosensitizer (Ru-g-CN) was therefore designed and synthesized via a facile one-pot method in order to overcome tumor hypoxia-induced PDT resistance. The photosensitizer is based on [Ru(bpy)] coordinated to g-CN nanosheets by Ru-N bonding. Compared to pure g-CN, the resulting nanosheets exhibit increased water solubility, stronger visible light absorption, and enhanced biocompatibility. Once Ru-g-CN is taken up by hypoxic tumor cells and exposed to visible light, the nanosheets not only catalyze the decomposition of HO and HO to generate O, but also catalyze HO and O concurrently to produce multiple ROS (OH, O, and O). In addition, Ru-g-CN affords luminescence imaging, while continuously generating O to alleviate hypoxia greatly improving PDT efficacy. To the best of our knowledge, this oxygen self-sufficient photosensitizer produced via grafting a metal complex onto g-CN is the first of its type to be reported.
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