High glucose macrophage exosomes enhance atherosclerosis by driving cellular proliferation & hematopoiesis.

We investigated whether extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced under hyperglycemic conditions could communicate signaling to drive atherosclerosis. We did so by treating Apoe mice with exosomes produced by bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) exposed to high glucose (BMDM-HG-exo) or control. Infusions of BMDM-HG-exo increased hematopoiesis, circulating myeloid cell numbers, and atherosclerotic lesions with an accumulation of macrophage foam and apoptotic cells. Transcriptome-wide analysis of cultured macrophages treated with BMDM-HG-exo or plasma EVs isolated from subjects with type II diabetes revealed a reduced inflammatory state and increased metabolic activity. Furthermore, BMDM-HG-exo induced cell proliferation and reprogrammed energy metabolism by increasing glycolytic activity. Lastly, profiling microRNA in BMDM-HG-exo and plasma EVs from diabetic subjects with advanced atherosclerosis converged on miR-486-5p as commonly enriched and recognized in dysregulated hematopoiesis and control. Together, our findings show that EVs serve to communicate detrimental properties of hyperglycemia to accelerate atherosclerosis in diabetes.