Clove Buds Essential Oil: The Impact of Grinding on the Chemical Composition and Its Biological Activities Involved in Consumer's Health Security.

This study is aimed at identifying the chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from the seeds, as well as investigating its biological activities, insecticide effect, and allelopathic properties. The extraction yield was about 14.3 and 7.14% for grounded and ungrounded seeds, respectively. The GC-MS analysis allowed the identification of 17 heterogeneous compounds, including eugenol (68.7-87.4%), as major compound, cyperene (20.5-7.2%), phenethyl isovalerate (6.4-3.6%), and -thujopsene (1.9-0.8%), respectively, for grounded and ungrounded seeds. Concerning the antibacterial activity, the diameter of the inhibition zone reached 35 mm when the essential oil extracted from grounded seeds was applied against . Regarding the antioxidant activity the DPPH radical scavenging test, the IC varied from 1.2 ± 0.1 to 2.8 ± 0.5 g/mL. With respect to reducing power, the efficient concentration EC ranged from 32 to 50 g/mL. The essential oil exhibited also an allelopathic effect against seeds of , as well as an insecticide effect against with a DL value of 252.4 L/L air. These findings enhance the use of this spice as a natural food preservative and encourage its use in several fields, including pharmaceutical, cosmetics, agriculture, and therapy, that could be a strategic way to guarantee the consumer's health.