Prophylactic effect of probiotics fortified with pulp nanoemulsion against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer.

The purpose of this study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of probiotics fortified with pulp nanoemulsion on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer (GU). Freshly harvested pulp nanoemulsion was prepared and subsequently inoculated with 2% of the activated yogurt starter culture of and subsp. (1:1). Chemical composition and physicochemical characterization of yogurt and the pulp nanoemulsion were assessed. GU was induced by ethanol. Rats were randomly assigned into control, GU, and four prophylactic groups including probiotics fortified with pulp nanoemulsion in the percentage of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% respectively. Serum levels of paraoxynase (POX) and tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and catalase (CAT) activity were assessed. Serum levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), ceramide, and homocysteine (Hcy) were evaluated. Results indicated that the pulp nanoemulsion was appeared in spherical nano form with droplets diameter around 330 nm. Ethanol induces GU to cause a significant increase in the levels of MDA, NO, NF-κB, IL-1β, MMP-9, Hcy, and ceramide along with a significant decrease in POX and CAT activities compared to the control group ( < 0.05). Pretreatment with different concentrations of probiotics fortified with pulp nanoemulsion with, especially the 30% concentration, significantly reduce the oxidative stress and ameliorate the release of different inflammatory mediators suggesting it as a promising approach in the protection against GU via scavenging superoxide radicals and inhibiting the activation of the inflammatory signaling cascades.