With municipalities across the US establishing minimum cigar pack size regulations, it is critical to understand what drives pack size preference. The purpose of this exploratory study was to identify reasons for cigar pack size purchase. We used Amazon's Mechanical Turk to survey adults who had purchased cigars and reported past 30 day use. Participants responded to an open-ended item asking their reasons for purchasing their usual pack size. Responses were double-coded and categorized. Of 152 respondents, 61 used traditional cigars, 85 used cigarillos, and 36 used filtered cigars. Across all cigar types, most participants (73.7%) purchased boxes rather than singles; 5-9-packs were the most popular pack size category (19.7%), followed by 20+-packs (18.4%). We identified 16 reasons for pack size purchase across seven categories: price, consumption, social aspect, convenience, product characteristics, availability, and general preferences. Reasons varied according to whether the consumer purchased larger or smaller pack sizes. In this exploratory study to identify reasons for cigar pack size purchases, findings were consistent with those identified through tobacco industry documents and in the cigarette literature. Future research should examine the prevalence of these reasons, including as a function of demographic and use characteristics, to help inform the understanding of potential minimum cigar pack regulations.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157790 | DOI Listing |
Biomed Chromatogr
February 2025
Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to Be University, Hyderabad, India.
A simple LC method has been developed and validated for estimating budesonide (epimer B + A) and formoterol fumarate dihydrate in dry powder inhalation. The development results of this study make it very significant. The degradation and process impurities in EP and ChP were identified in addition to budesonide and formoterol fumarate.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNutrients
December 2024
Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA.
: To help consumers make healthier choices, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has been charged with developing a front-of-package label (FOPL) to appear on US packaged foods and beverages. One option being explored is the use of "high-in" FOPLs for added sugar, sodium, and saturated fat using a threshold of ≥20% of the recommended daily value (%DV) per portion/serving size to define "high-in". While research has addressed what FOPL designs are most effective at visually communicating "high-in", less attention has been paid to the nutrient profile model (NPM) used to decide which products should receive these labels.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPLoS One
December 2024
Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America.
We explore the habitat use of Antarctic pack-ice seals by analyzing their occupancy patterns on pack-ice floes, employing a novel combination of segmented generalized linear regression and fine-scale (∼ 50 cm pixel resolution) sea ice feature extraction in satellite imagery. Our analysis of environmental factors identified ice floe size, fine-scale sea ice concentration and nearby marine topography as significantly correlated with seal haul out abundance. Further analysis between seal abundance and ice floe size identified pronounced shifts in the relationship between the number of seals hauled out and floe size, with a positive relationship up to approximately 50 m2 that diminishes for larger floe sizes and largely plateaus after 500 m2.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEcol Lett
December 2024
Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
Relations among territoriality, abundance and habitat suitability are fundamental to the ecology of many animal populations. Theory suggests two classes of possible responses to increasing abundance in territorial species: (1) the ideal free distribution (IFD), which predicts smaller territory sizes and decreased fitness as individuals adaptively pack into suitable habitats, and (2) the ideal despotic distribution (IDD), which predicts stable territory sizes and fitness in preferred habitats for dominant individuals and increased use of marginal habitats, reduced fitness and changes in territory sizes for subordinate individuals. We analysed the territory sizes and locations of seven migratory songbird species occupying a 10-ha plot in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA over a 52-year period.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBiochem Biophys Res Commun
January 2025
Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13, W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N8, W5, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan. Electronic address:
Bicelles, an artificial disk-shaped lipid bilayer, are commonly used for the structural and functional characterization of membrane-bound proteins in an environment similar to that in intracellular membranes. Because the dynamics of the lipids that constitute bicelles exert a significant impact on the structure and function of the inserted proteins, we investigated the mobility of lipid molecules in bicelles composed of DMPC (14:0 PC) and DHPC (06:0 PC) using solution NMR and MD calculations. C R relaxation experiments for the acyl groups demonstrated that increasing bicelle sizes limit the rotational diffusion of acyl chain H-C bonds in DMPC.
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